Summary plots - Sample strategy is on the y-axis and number of sites is on the x-axis. Each plot is paired by parameter level vertically and the values in the cells are the mean value across all of the simulations for that parameter level. Note that each average encompasses all of the other varying simulation parameters as seen in the Full plots.

Full plots - For the full plots, Each plot represents a unique simulation and the values in the cells are the mean value across all of the 10 iterations of that simulation across all three unique landscape seeds (i.e., all three sets of Neutral Landscape Models) for a total of 30 replicates. Sample strategy is on the y-axis and number of sites is on the x-axis. Since there are a many simulations presented in the full plots, here is a handy key for how the different parameters are laid out within them (H = High, L = Low):

TPR - True Positive Rate

FDR - False Discovery Rate

ME - mean error was calculated by taking the mean difference between the observed and expected coefficients, because the absolute value is not taken this measurement is used to determine whether over- or underestimation is occurring. For IBE ME the two environmental coefficient errors were averaged.

MAE - mean absolute error calculated as the difference between the observed and expected coefficients. For IBE MAE the two environmental coefficient errors were averaged.

1. MMRR

1.1 Individual sampling

1.1.1 Summary plots

1.1.2 Linear mixed effects models

## Warning in run_lmer(mmrr_ind, .x, filepath = make_lmer_path("mmrr", "ind", : 
## All values of geo_p_TPR are NA for one set of parameters; no model is returned
## Warning in run_lmer(mmrr_ind, .x, filepath = make_lmer_path("mmrr", "ind", : 
## All values of geo_p_FDR are NA for one set of parameters; no model is returned
Linear mixed effect model
IBD MAE ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number −0.0001 1.2256 1.2256 1 15.3480K 1239.45785 3.5 × 10−261*
Population size 0.0074 0.2110 0.2110 1 15.3480K 213.43225 5.1 × 10−48*
Migration 0.0255 2.5010 2.5010 1 15.3480K 2529.24460 0.0*
Selection strength −0.0017 0.0117 0.0117 1 15.3480K 11.86573 5.7 × 10−4*
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0060 0.1360 0.1360 1 15.3480K 137.55767 1.2 × 10−31*
Environmental correlation −0.0017 0.0109 0.0109 1 15.3480K 11.04706 8.9 × 10−4*
* p < 0.001
Tukey test for IBD MAE
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - G −0.0029 0.0007 −4.0599 2.9 × 10−4
EG - R −0.0010 0.0007 −1.4344 0.47776346
EG - T −0.0246 0.0007 −34.3328 0.0
G - R 0.0019 0.0007 2.6255 0.04296249
G - T −0.0217 0.0007 −30.2729 0.0
R - T −0.0236 0.0007 −32.8984 0.0
Linear mixed effect model
IBE TPR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0017 169.6446 169.6446 1 11.8600K 1368.252072 1.5 × 10−283*
Population size −0.1035 31.5107 31.5107 1 11.8601K 254.146163 1.3 × 10−56*
Migration −0.3584 330.2984 330.2984 1 11.8601K 2663.989576 0.0*
Selection strength 0.0597 10.5688 10.5688 1 11.8601K 85.241941 3.1 × 10−20*
Spatial autocorrelation 0.3415 293.4664 293.4664 1 11.8603K 2366.924775 0.0*
Environmental correlation −0.0200 1.1842 1.1842 1 11.8600K 9.551297 2.0 × 10−3**
* p < 0.001
** p < 0.01
Tukey test for IBE TPR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - G 0.1269 0.0091 13.8781 0.0
EG - R 0.0756 0.0091 8.2753 4.5 × 10−14
EG - T −0.0101 0.0091 −1.1058 0.6859408
G - R −0.0512 0.0091 −5.6029 1.3 × 10−7
G - T −0.1370 0.0091 −14.9840 0.0
R - T −0.0857 0.0091 −9.3811 3.8 × 10−14
Linear mixed effect model
IBE FDR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0001 1.0722 1.0722 1 15.3480K 46.924365 7.7 × 10−12*
Population size 0.0167 1.0667 1.0667 1 15.3480K 46.683954 8.7 × 10−12*
Migration 0.0182 1.2760 1.2760 1 15.3480K 55.847504 8.3 × 10−14*
Selection strength −0.0036 0.0510 0.0510 1 15.3480K 2.233900 0.14
Spatial autocorrelation −0.0413 6.5423 6.5423 1 15.3480K 286.329583 1.2 × 10−63*
Environmental correlation 0.0069 0.1829 0.1829 1 15.3480K 8.003859 4.7 × 10−3**
* p < 0.001
** p < 0.01
Tukey test for IBE FDR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - G 0.0103 0.0034 2.9819 0.01519496
EG - R 0.0052 0.0034 1.5098 0.43153409
EG - T −0.0194 0.0034 −5.6240 1.1 × 10−7
G - R −0.0051 0.0034 −1.4721 0.45448499
G - T −0.0297 0.0034 −8.6058 3.6 × 10−14
R - T −0.0246 0.0034 −7.1338 5.9 × 10−12
Linear mixed effect model
IBE MAE ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number −0.0002 2.4101 2.4101 1 15.3480K 3606.434014 0.0*
Population size 0.0037 0.0526 0.0526 1 15.3480K 78.639576 8.3 × 10−19*
Migration 0.0178 1.2102 1.2102 1 15.3480K 1810.842798 0.0*
Selection strength −0.0019 0.0134 0.0134 1 15.3480K 20.109804 7.4 × 10−6*
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0025 0.0241 0.0241 1 15.3480K 36.110285 1.9 × 10−9*
Environmental correlation 0.0007 0.0020 0.0020 1 15.3480K 2.978678 0.084
* p < 0.001
Tukey test for IBE MAE
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - G 0.0014 0.0006 2.3636 0.08420456
EG - R 0.0022 0.0006 3.6842 1.3 × 10−3
EG - T −0.0041 0.0006 −6.9400 2.4 × 10−11
G - R 0.0008 0.0006 1.3206 0.54973652
G - T −0.0055 0.0006 −9.3037 4.1 × 10−14
R - T −0.0063 0.0006 −10.6243 3.6 × 10−14

1.1.3 Full plots

1.2 Site sampling

1.2.1 Summary plots

1.2.2 Linear mixed effects models

Linear mixed effect model
IBD TPR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0001 0.0080 0.0080 1 8.6310K 8.619034e+00 3.3 × 10−3*
Population size −0.0009 0.0019 0.0019 1 8.6310K 2.003506e+00 0.16
Migration −0.0009 0.0019 0.0019 1 8.6310K 2.003506e+00 0.16
Selection strength 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 1 8.6310K 5.008765e-01 0.48
Spatial autocorrelation −0.0009 0.0019 0.0019 1 8.6310K 2.003506e+00 0.16
Environmental correlation 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 8.6310K 4.149870e-25 1.00
* p < 0.01
Tukey test for IBD TPR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - EQ −0.0007 0.0008 −0.8668 0.6612852
EG - R −0.0007 0.0008 −0.8668 0.6612852
EQ - R 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 1.0000000 
## Warning in run_lmer(mmrr_site, .x, filepath = make_lmer_path("mmrr", "site", : 
## All values of geo_p_FDR are NA for one set of parameters; no model is returned
Linear mixed effect model
IBD MAE ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number −0.0010 0.3624 0.3624 1 8.6290K 1.989363e+02 1.1 × 10−44*
Population size 0.0221 1.0570 1.0570 1 8.6290K 5.802786e+02 3.8 × 10−124*
Migration 0.1068 24.6577 24.6577 1 8.6290K 1.353681e+04 0.0*
Selection strength −0.0075 0.1219 0.1219 1 8.6290K 6.693473e+01 3.2 × 10−16*
Spatial autocorrelation −0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 1 8.6290K 6.310007e-02 0.80
Environmental correlation 0.0012 0.0033 0.0033 1 8.6290K 1.784720e+00 0.18
* p < 0.001
Tukey test for IBD MAE
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - EQ 0.0000 0.0011 0.0428 0.9989921
EG - R −0.0037 0.0011 −3.3164 2.6 × 10−3
EQ - R −0.0038 0.0011 −3.3592 2.3 × 10−3
Linear mixed effect model
IBE TPR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0090 23.0011 23.0011 1 6.6670K 259.6127162 2.5 × 10−57*
Population size 0.0028 0.0127 0.0127 1 6.6674K 0.1430862 0.710
Migration −0.0046 0.0309 0.0309 1 6.6673K 0.3491155 0.550
Selection strength 0.0157 0.4098 0.4098 1 6.6673K 4.6251140 0.032**
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0818 9.4689 9.4689 1 6.6681K 106.8752726 7.3 × 10−25*
Environmental correlation −0.0321 1.7169 1.7169 1 6.6671K 19.3781699 1.1 × 10−5*
* p < 0.001
** p < 0.05
Tukey test for IBE TPR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - EQ 0.1357 0.0089 15.2061 0.0
EG - R 0.0474 0.0089 5.3121 3.2 × 10−7
EQ - R −0.0883 0.0089 −9.8940 2.8 × 10−14
Linear mixed effect model
IBE FDR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0007 0.1970 0.1970 1 8.6290K 12.054216 5.2 × 10−4*
Population size 0.0105 0.2396 0.2396 1 8.6290K 14.663682 1.3 × 10−4*
Migration 0.0378 3.0940 3.0940 1 8.6290K 189.345838 1.2 × 10−42*
Selection strength −0.0047 0.0486 0.0486 1 8.6290K 2.976651 0.085
Spatial autocorrelation −0.0337 2.4503 2.4503 1 8.6290K 149.949919 3.4 × 10−34*
Environmental correlation 0.0073 0.1148 0.1148 1 8.6290K 7.028155 8.0 × 10−3**
* p < 0.001
** p < 0.01
Tukey test for IBE FDR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - EQ 0.0175 0.0034 5.2053 5.8 × 10−7
EG - R 0.0109 0.0034 3.2469 3.3 × 10−3
EQ - R −0.0066 0.0034 −1.9584 0.1226645
Linear mixed effect model
IBE MAE ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number −0.0027 2.7352 2.7352 1 8.6290K 1.622508e+03 0.0*
Population size 0.0014 0.0045 0.0045 1 8.6290K 2.682024e+00 0.10
Migration 0.0071 0.1102 0.1102 1 8.6290K 6.539688e+01 7.0 × 10−16*
Selection strength −0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 8.6290K 8.222296e-03 0.93
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0036 0.0284 0.0284 1 8.6290K 1.686173e+01 4.1 × 10−5*
Environmental correlation 0.0062 0.0833 0.0833 1 8.6290K 4.941667e+01 2.2 × 10−12*
* p < 0.001
Tukey test for IBE MAE
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - EQ −0.0004 0.0011 −0.3705 0.9271412
EG - R 0.0045 0.0011 4.1543 9.7 × 10−5
EQ - R 0.0049 0.0011 4.5248 1.8 × 10−5

1.2.3 Full plots

2. GDM

2.1 Individual sampling

2.1.1 Summary plots

2.1.2 Linear mixed effects models

Linear mixed effect model
IBD TPR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0001 1.0066 1.0066 1 14.7720K 22.92025 1.7 × 10−6*
Population size −0.0144 0.7674 0.7674 1 14.7727K 17.47289 2.9 × 10−5*
Migration −0.0295 3.2154 3.2154 1 14.7732K 73.21304 1.3 × 10−17*
Selection strength 0.0165 1.0076 1.0076 1 14.7722K 22.94228 1.7 × 10−6*
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0590 12.8259 12.8259 1 14.7735K 292.03562 7.5 × 10−65*
Environmental correlation −0.0192 1.3670 1.3670 1 14.7721K 31.12525 2.5 × 10−8*
* p < 0.001
Tukey test for IBD TPR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - G −0.0016 0.0049 −0.3330 0.98727491
EG - R 0.0030 0.0049 0.6105 0.92878433
EG - T −0.0157 0.0049 −3.2190 7.0 × 10−3
G - R 0.0046 0.0049 0.9435 0.78134871
G - T −0.0141 0.0049 −2.8860 0.02037476
R - T −0.0187 0.0049 −3.8295 7.4 × 10−4 
## Warning in run_lmer(gdm_ind, .x, filepath = make_lmer_path("gdm", "ind", : 
## All values of geo_p_FDR are NA for one set of parameters; no model is returned
Linear mixed effect model
IBD MAE ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number −0.0002 3.9376 3.9376 1 15.3480K 3691.3078604 0.0*
Population size −0.0139 0.7412 0.7412 1 15.3480K 694.8286370 8.4 × 10−150*
Migration −0.0342 4.4844 4.4844 1 15.3480K 4203.9143341 0.0*
Selection strength 0.0035 0.0466 0.0466 1 15.3480K 43.6949717 4.0 × 10−11*
Spatial autocorrelation −0.0011 0.0044 0.0044 1 15.3480K 4.1573413 0.041**
Environmental correlation −0.0004 0.0006 0.0006 1 15.3480K 0.5951782 0.440
* p < 0.001
** p < 0.05
Tukey test for IBD MAE
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - G −0.0364 0.0007 −48.8182 0.0
EG - R −0.0040 0.0007 −5.3252 6.0 × 10−7
EG - T −0.0070 0.0007 −9.3241 4.0 × 10−14
G - R 0.0324 0.0007 43.4931 0.0
G - T 0.0294 0.0007 39.4941 0.0
R - T −0.0030 0.0007 −3.9990 3.7 × 10−4 
## Warning in run_lmer(gdm_ind, .x, filepath = make_lmer_path("gdm", "ind", : 
## All values of env_p_TPR are NA for a level of H ; this parameter is dropped from the model
Linear mixed effect model
IBE TPR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0007 1.1815 1.1815 1 421.1250 27.231971 2.8 × 10−7*
Population size −0.1144 0.6619 0.6619 1 398.5787 15.256270 1.1 × 10−4*
Migration −0.0991 0.6520 0.6520 1 363.9249 15.027012 1.3 × 10−4*
Selection strength 0.0713 0.4553 0.4553 1 422.2644 10.493705 1.3 × 10−3**
Environmental correlation −0.0341 0.1080 0.1080 1 422.5592 2.489534 0.12
* p < 0.001
** p < 0.01
Tukey test for IBE TPR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE t ratio p
EG - G 0.0231 0.0283 0.8166 0.8466000
EG - R 0.0093 0.0283 0.3267 0.9879514
EG - T −0.0556 0.0283 −1.9600 0.2049791
G - R −0.0139 0.0283 −0.4900 0.9613055
G - T −0.0787 0.0283 −2.7766 0.0291984
R - T −0.0648 0.0283 −2.2866 0.1027669
Linear mixed effect model
IBE FDR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0001 0.4698 0.4698 1 15.3480K 60.106787911 9.5 × 10−15*
Population size −0.0041 0.0646 0.0646 1 15.3480K 8.264381142 4.0 × 10−3**
Migration −0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 15.3480K 0.002082233 0.96
Selection strength 0.0019 0.0137 0.0137 1 15.3480K 1.751157607 0.19
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0106 0.4324 0.4324 1 15.3480K 55.322837633 1.1 × 10−13*
Environmental correlation −0.0044 0.0731 0.0731 1 15.3480K 9.347142088 2.2 × 10−3**
* p < 0.001
** p < 0.01
Tukey test for IBE FDR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - G 0.0033 0.0020 1.6133 0.37100723
EG - R −0.0027 0.0020 −1.3552 0.52766217
EG - T −0.0100 0.0020 −4.9690 4.0 × 10−6
G - R −0.0060 0.0020 −2.9685 0.01583808
G - T −0.0133 0.0020 −6.5823 2.8 × 10−10
R - T −0.0073 0.0020 −3.6138 1.7 × 10−3
Linear mixed effect model
IBE MAE ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0000 0.0688 0.0688 1 15.3480K 831.7465353 3.7 × 10−178*
Population size −0.0039 0.0581 0.0581 1 15.3480K 702.0333205 2.7 × 10−151*
Migration −0.0033 0.0419 0.0419 1 15.3480K 505.9275406 2.9 × 10−110*
Selection strength 0.0014 0.0070 0.0070 1 15.3480K 84.7082500 3.9 × 10−20*
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 15.3480K 0.3527735 0.55
Environmental correlation −0.0007 0.0019 0.0019 1 15.3480K 22.3997402 2.2 × 10−6*
* p < 0.001
Tukey test for IBE MAE
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - G −0.0004 0.0002 −2.1593 0.13475657
EG - R −0.0012 0.0002 −5.7230 6.3 × 10−8
EG - T −0.0017 0.0002 −8.1033 5.3 × 10−14
G - R −0.0007 0.0002 −3.5637 2.1 × 10−3
G - T −0.0012 0.0002 −5.9440 1.7 × 10−8
R - T −0.0005 0.0002 −2.3803 0.08086482

2.1.3 Full plots

2.1.4 Failed fits

Occasionally GDM fails to fit a model, in which case an NA value is assigned. Here we check the proportion of NAs (i.e., cases of failed fit) across the simulations:

Proportion of failed full models:

2.2 Site sampling

2.2.1 Summary plots

2.2.2 Linear mixed effects models

Linear mixed effect model
IBD TPR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0021 1.5645 1.5645 1 8.3050K 38.018907 7.3 × 10−10*
Population size −0.0109 0.2458 0.2458 1 8.3050K 5.972808 0.015**
Migration −0.0056 0.0643 0.0643 1 8.3053K 1.562976 0.210
Selection strength 0.0107 0.2359 0.2359 1 8.3056K 5.733015 0.017**
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0318 2.0976 2.0976 1 8.3050K 50.972970 1.0 × 10−12*
Environmental correlation −0.0066 0.0898 0.0898 1 8.3050K 2.182857 0.140
* p < 0.001
** p < 0.05
Tukey test for IBD TPR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - EQ 0.0022 0.0054 0.3972 0.9167058
EG - R 0.0032 0.0054 0.5959 0.8223423
EQ - R 0.0011 0.0054 0.1986 0.9784872 
## Warning in run_lmer(gdm_site, .x, filepath = make_lmer_path("gdm", "site", : 
## All values of geo_p_FDR are NA for one set of parameters; no model is returned
Linear mixed effect model
IBD MAE ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number −0.0051 9.5597 9.5597 1 8.6290K 1.336395e+03 3.7 × 10−272*
Population size −0.0644 8.9545 8.9545 1 8.6290K 1.251796e+03 3.6 × 10−256*
Migration −0.1710 63.1530 63.1530 1 8.6290K 8.828496e+03 0.0*
Selection strength 0.0164 0.5820 0.5820 1 8.6290K 8.136228e+01 2.3 × 10−19*
Spatial autocorrelation −0.0129 0.3584 0.3584 1 8.6290K 5.009771e+01 1.6 × 10−12*
Environmental correlation −0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 1 8.6290K 6.427731e-02 0.8
* p < 0.001
Tukey test for IBD MAE
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - EQ −0.1477 0.0022 −66.2602 0.0
EG - R 0.0018 0.0022 0.8184 0.6915897
EQ - R 0.1495 0.0022 67.0786 0.0
Linear mixed effect model
IBE TPR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0008 0.0072 0.0072 1 234.0000 1.8489985 0.18
Population size −0.0094 0.0026 0.0026 1 234.0000 0.6630054 0.42
Migration 0.0099 0.0047 0.0047 1 234.0000 1.2183703 0.27
Selection strength −0.0117 0.0057 0.0057 1 234.0000 1.4514907 0.23
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0259 0.0352 0.0352 1 234.0000 9.0394624 2.9 × 10−3*
Environmental correlation 0.0044 0.0011 0.0011 1 234.0000 0.2821979 0.60
* p < 0.01
Tukey test for IBE TPR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE t ratio p
EG - EQ 0.0185 0.0098 1.8877 0.1445133
EG - R 0.0123 0.0098 1.2584 0.4201980
EQ - R −0.0062 0.0098 −0.6292 0.8042092
Linear mixed effect model
IBE FDR ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number 0.0006 0.1277 0.1277 1 8.6290K 43.6390749 4.2 × 10−11*
Population size 0.0008 0.0014 0.0014 1 8.6290K 0.4846608 0.49
Migration 0.0036 0.0278 0.0278 1 8.6290K 9.5052863 2.1 × 10−3**
Selection strength 0.0008 0.0014 0.0014 1 8.6290K 0.4846608 0.49
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0036 0.0278 0.0278 1 8.6290K 9.5052863 2.1 × 10−3**
Environmental correlation 0.0010 0.0023 0.0023 1 8.6290K 0.8011740 0.37
* p < 0.001
** p < 0.01
Tukey test for IBE FDR
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - EQ 0.0002 0.0014 0.1218 0.9918538
EG - R −0.0007 0.0014 −0.4872 0.8773830
EQ - R −0.0009 0.0014 −0.6090 0.8151884
Linear mixed effect model
IBE MAE ~ nsamp + sampstrat + K + m + phi + H + r + (1 | seed)
Predictors Fixed Effects Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF DenDF F value Pr(>F)
Sample number −0.0003 0.0330 0.0330 1 8.6290K 127.2499772 2.6 × 10−29*
Population size −0.0085 0.1574 0.1574 1 8.6290K 607.4390109 1.1 × 10−129*
Migration −0.0137 0.4068 0.4068 1 8.6290K 1569.9320927 1.4 × 10−315*
Selection strength 0.0023 0.0113 0.0113 1 8.6290K 43.6236687 4.2 × 10−11*
Spatial autocorrelation 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 1 8.6290K 0.9896465 0.32
Environmental correlation −0.0020 0.0087 0.0087 1 8.6290K 33.7590733 6.5 × 10−9*
* p < 0.001
Tukey test for IBE MAE
pairwise ~ sampstrat
Contrast Estimate SE Z ratio p
EG - EQ 0.0007 0.0004 1.6113 0.2408144
EG - R −0.0032 0.0004 −7.4804 2.4 × 10−13
EQ - R −0.0039 0.0004 −9.0916 3.9 × 10−14

2.2.3 Full plots

2.2.4 Failed fits

Occasionally GDM fails to fit a model, in which case an NA value is assigned. Here we check the proportion of NAs (i.e., cases of failed fit) across the simulations:

Proportion of failed models: